Ten Key Principles of Economics

1. Everything has a cost. There is no free lunch. There is always a trade-off.
2. Cost is what you give up to get something. In particular, opportunity cost is cost of the tradeoff.
3. One More. Rational people make decisions on the basis of the cost of one more unit (of consumption, of investment, of labor hour, etc.).
4. Incentives work. People respond to incentives.
5. Open for trade. Trade can make all parties better off.
6. Markets Rock! Usually, markets are the best way to allocate scarce resources between producers and consumers.
7. Intervention in free markets is sometimes needed. (But watch out for the law of unintended effects!)
8. Concentrate on productivity. A country’s standard of living depends on how productive its economy is.
9. Sloshing in money leads to higher prices. Inflation is caused by excessive money supply.!!
10. Caution: In the short run, falling prices may lead to unemployment, and rising employment may lead to inflation.



Tuesday, July 6, 2010

Two Ways To Measure GDP Give Us Two Okun Results


As the last two posts suggest, Okun's famous law appears to be broken. Depending on the definition you trust, Okun's Law claims that every 1% increase above the natural unemployment rate is the result of a reduction in the GDP of 2-4%. The recent independence attributed to the unemployment rate despite growth in the GDP has led some to speculate that the law is obselete. But the fact that the GDP can be measured as spending or income raises the question over which is more accurate. The graphs in the article suggest the income approach to be more accurate and Okun's Law to still be relevant.

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